{"id":2423,"date":"2020-11-21T11:34:14","date_gmt":"2020-11-21T10:34:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/?p=2423"},"modified":"2020-11-27T15:25:51","modified_gmt":"2020-11-27T14:25:51","slug":"reacteurs-nucleaires-de-iveme-generation-combines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/reacteurs-nucleaires-de-iveme-generation-combines\/","title":{"rendered":"Combined 4th generation GFR and MSR nuclear reactors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since the 1996 publications, starting from the designs of computer-simulated nuclear combustion wave reactors (GFR), and starting from the designs of molten salt reactors (MSR), I propose a combination of the two lines, so as to exploit completely spent Uranium nuclear fuel or new Thorium fuel, much more abundant in nature than Uranium.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This kind of reactors will be particularly interesting for those, like Switzerland, who have so far exploited ~ 5% of the energy potential, contained in their nuclear fuel composed mainly of Uranium; it will also be interesting for those who want to destroy their nuclear waste, not to leave it to their successors and descendants.<\/p>\n<p>\/\/ Note (1) of 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Combustion wave nuclear reactor plant using molten salts.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To safely operate a combustion wave nuclear reactor using molten salts, the following principles will be adopted:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; The reactor will be located in a cave, deep enough to go at least to 4 times the thickness (of rocks) of total stopping of all the nuclear radiations escaping from the reactor (order of magnitude 25 meters). The goal is that a possible major accident remains without consequences other than at Lucens in 1969 or at Three Miles Island in 1979.<\/p>\n<div class=\"tlid-input input\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"source-wrap\">\n<div class=\"input-full-height-wrapper tlid-input-full-height-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"source-input\">\n<div class=\"source-footer-wrap source-or-target-footer\">\n<div class=\"character-count tlid-character-count\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">&#8211; Organization of cold air inlets and chimneys that can evacuate &#8211; without dust, without tritium and without iodine &#8211; the heat of an incident around (including above) the cave by thermo-siphon, and in channels from the outer steel and concrete wall of the reactor, without the need for any fan.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Evacuation of the high-temperature production heat through inert gas pipes, the chemistry of the molten salts being very incompatible with water &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; For safety against breakdowns, the cooling system will be tripled completely, throughout the plant, including emergency power sources, concerning pumps and operation (e.g. for the chemical part of the plant ).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Organization of the system in such a way that at least an annual review (by robot), with visual inspection and piping test is feasible. Recommendations:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; the gases chosen must be current, such as nitrogen, argon or CO2, the heat being communicated to them by exchangers, so that there is no radioactivity transported (and that helium or other rare and expensive gas is reserved presence especially in irradiated area).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; cooling should as far as possible include district heating (load of seasonal stocks of houses in the region) to limit the waste of heat in cooling towers, lakes or rivers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><b>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, 25.11.2006, r\u00e9v. 22.11.2020<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\/\/ End note (1) of 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Thermosiphon reactor, designed in September 2004:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2454 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2426 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-1024x954.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-1024x954.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-300x279.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-768x715.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur.jpeg 1177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>Thermosiphon reactor, zoom on the nuclear combustion wave zone<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2455 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\/\/ Note (2) of 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Liquid and gas nuclear regulator, without mechanical parts.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The objective of this device is to fully automate the operation of a nuclear combustion wave reactor, using molten salts.<\/strong> In a fertile environment such as U 238 or Th 232, the regulator is intended to maintain the nuclear combustion wave within power limits compatible with the heat removal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The active liquid<\/span> presented for example is Lithium 6 (melting point 181 \u00b0 C, boiling point 1342 \u00b0 C, density of 0.534 at 20 \u00b0 C, coefficient of expansion 0.000046 K-1) and the elements <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00ab\u00a0piston\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> and <span style=\"color: #339966;\">\u00ab\u00a0return spring\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> are gas insoluble in liquid (a gas which is chemically inert and not a carrier of radioactivity, such as He).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The figure shows a U-shaped tube, but not a capillary, to provide the required operation without risk of failure due to accidental blockage. The shape of the tanks and the sensors will be summed up as a continuous tube of suitable shape: the drawing only symbolizes functions. The \u00ab\u00a0piston\u00a0\u00bb element is responsible for pushing the liquid into the area of the neutrons to be absorbed, if the heat rises in the sensor. If the pressure coming from the sensor exceeds the difference in height of the liquid (in the diagram, \u00ab\u00a0maximum braking\u00a0\u00bb situation), the gas can escape through the right siphon to prevent overpressure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The \u00ab\u00a0spring return\u00a0\u00bb element is responsible for pushing the liquid out of the neutron area, if the heat drops in the sensor area. The branches of the U containing the \u201creturn spring\u201d element are linked to one another and to a reservoir (located in a constant temperature zone), to provide a reference pressure. The volume geometry and this reference pressure are chosen so as to allow, in all the temperature ranges encountered, the liquid to enter and exit almost entirely from the area of the neutrons to be absorbed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The connections between parts are designed in such a way that the active element (neutron absorber, liquid in the operating temperature range) cannot leave the U-tube under any circumstances. If the sensor goes outside the predefined operating range volumes and temperatures, the gas will escape to the reference pressure tank in the cold zone, through the liquid in the siphons (essential to obtain a purge of a horizontal part of the U-shaped tube). This process is reversible.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Initial conditions: the regulator must be delivered in the \u00ab\u00a0Braking\u00a0\u00bb position, U made of symmetrical liquid.<\/p>\n<p>An additional device could be a tube containing a neutron absorber gas, such as argon, for example (to obtain an emergency stop).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, 8.1.2004, rev. 22.11.2020<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\/\/ End of note (2) of 11\/22\/2020<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the thermosiphon reactor diagram, the regulator is placed in the area where the nuclear combustion wave and the fertile fuel are located (bottom of the steel vessel); the combustion wave would travel from the bottom up towards the liquid and up and down towards the layer of beads (gradually dissolving), fissioning the added nuclear fuel. The value of a nuclear combustion wave is to generate ~ 50% fissile fuel from the fertile metal, a breeder effect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Note. The drawings are more symbolic than schematic: for example, the thermo-siphon should be sized so as not to have an area where the mass of waste would become critical, unless this is the desired effect to help destroy it more quickly &#8211; but this poses the problem of also regulating this reaction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generation_IV_reactor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Generation IV International Forum<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0in Wikipedia (from 2006 to 2020)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ICENES-96-text.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ICENES 96 text<\/a>\u00a0with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ICENES-96-figures-y-c-texte.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ICENES 96 figures including texts.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1998_Stevens-pg-41en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1998_Stevens pg 41\/en.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/21sci-tech.com\/Subscriptions\/Archive\/1998_W.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charles Stevens on Teller et al pg 41.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00a7 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molten_salt_reactor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Molten salt reactors (MSR)<\/a><\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>in Wikipedia (from 2008 to 2020)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 Pr.Walter Seifritz \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-Nucl.Burn-up-Waves.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Solitary burn-up Waves in a multiplying medium<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0(2000)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 Pr.Walter Seifritz\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-Nucl.soliton-Wave.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The thermal neutronic soliton wave phenomenon in an infinite medium<\/a> (1998)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Comment<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">To maintain a double nuclear combustion wave, it will be necessary to add fresh fuel on both sides (below AND above), without disturbing too much the structure of the liquid-\u00ab\u00a0solid\u00a0\u00bb limit: the rhythm and the nature of the additions are to be calculated &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, Colombier, on 11\/22\/2020<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>R\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires de IV\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration combin\u00e9s<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Depuis les publications de 1996, partant des designs de r\u00e9acteurs \u00e0 onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire (RNR-gaz) simul\u00e9s en ordinateur, et partant des designs de r\u00e9acteurs \u00e0 sels fondus (RSF), je propose une combinaison des deux lign\u00e9es, de sorte \u00e0 exploiter compl\u00e8tement le combustible nucl\u00e9aire d&rsquo;Uranium usag\u00e9 ou le combustible de Thorium neuf, beaucoup plus abondant dans la nature que l&rsquo;Uranium. Cette sorte de r\u00e9acteurs sera tout particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante pour ceux, qui comme la Suisse, ont exploit\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;ici ~ 5% du potentiel \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, contenu dans leur combustible nucl\u00e9aire compos\u00e9 essentiellement d&rsquo;Uranium; elle sera aussi int\u00e9ressante pour ceux qui veulent d\u00e9truire leurs d\u00e9chets nucl\u00e9aires, ne pas les laisser \u00e0 leurs successeurs et descendants.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\/\/ Note (1) du 22.11.2020<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span class=\"s2\">Usine \u00e0 r\u00e9acteur nucl\u00e9aire \u00e0 onde de combustion et sels fondus.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pour exploiter en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 un r\u00e9acteur nucl\u00e9aire \u00e0 onde de combustion utilisant des sels fondus, on adoptera les principes suivants:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Le r\u00e9acteur sera implant\u00e9 dans une caverne, assez profond pour aller au moins \u00e0 4 fois l&rsquo;\u00e9paisseur (de roches) d&rsquo;arr\u00eat total de toutes les radiations nucl\u00e9aires \u00e9chapp\u00e9es du r\u00e9acteur (ordre de grandeur 25 m\u00e8tres). Le but est qu&rsquo;un \u00e9ventuel accident majeur reste sans autres cons\u00e9quences qu\u2019\u00e0 Lucens en 1969 ou qu\u2019\u00e0 Three Miles Island en 1979.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Organisation d&rsquo;arriv\u00e9es d&rsquo;air froid et de chemin\u00e9es pouvant \u00e9vacuer &#8211; sans poussi\u00e8res, sans tritium et sans iode &#8211; la chaleur d&rsquo;un incident autour (y compris au-dessus) de la caverne par thermo-siphon, et dans des canaux de la paroi en acier et en b\u00e9ton ext\u00e9rieure du r\u00e9acteur, sans besoin d\u2019aucun ventilateur.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Evacuation de la chaleur haute temp\u00e9rature de production par conduites de gaz inerte, la chimie des sels fondus \u00e9tant tr\u00e8s incompatible avec l\u2019eau \u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Pour s\u00e9curit\u00e9 contre les pannes, le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement sera tripl\u00e9 compl\u00e8tement, d&rsquo;un bout \u00e0 l&rsquo;autre de l&rsquo;usine, y compris sources d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie de secours, des pompes et de l\u2019exploitation (par exemple pour la partie chimique de l\u2019usine).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; Organisation du syst\u00e8me de telle fa\u00e7on qu\u2019au minimum une r\u00e9vision annuelle (par robot), avec inspection visuelle et test des tuyauteries soit faisable.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Recommandations:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; les gaz choisis devront \u00eatre courants, comme azote, argon ou CO2, la chaleur leur \u00e9tant communiqu\u00e9e par \u00e9changeurs, de telle fa\u00e7on qu\u2019il n&rsquo;y ait aucune radioactivit\u00e9 transport\u00e9e (et que l&rsquo;h\u00e9lium ou autre gaz rare et cher soit r\u00e9serv\u00e9 \u00e0 la pr\u00e9sence surtout en zone irradi\u00e9e).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">&#8211; le refroidissement devra autant que possible comporter du chauffage \u00e0 distance (charge des stocks saisonniers des maisons de la r\u00e9gion) pour limiter le gaspillage de chaleur dans des tours de refroidissements, des lacs ou des rivi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><b>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, 25.11.2006, r\u00e9v. 22.11.2020<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\">\/\/ Fin de note (1) du 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">R\u00e9acteur \u00e0 thermo-siphon, imagin\u00e9 en septembre 2004 : <\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2454 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.09-25-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2426 size-large aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-1024x954.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-1024x954.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-300x279.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur-768x715.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-re\u0301acteur-a\u0300-thermo-siphon-coeur.jpeg 1177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s1\">R\u00e9acteur \u00e0 thermo-siphon, zoom sur la zone de l\u2019onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p12\">\/\/ Note (2) du 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>R\u00e9gulateur nucl\u00e9aire \u00e0 liquide et \u00e0 gaz, sans parties m\u00e9caniques.\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-2455 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2004.12-20-re\u0301gulateur-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>L&rsquo;objectif de ce dispositif est d&rsquo;automatiser enti\u00e8rement le fonctionnement d&rsquo;un r\u00e9acteur nucl\u00e9aire \u00e0 onde de combustion, utilisant des sels fondus.\u00a0<\/b>Dans un milieu fertile comme U 238 ou Th 232, le r\u00e9gulateur est destin\u00e9 \u00e0 maintenir l&rsquo;onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire dans des limites de puissance compatibles avec l&rsquo;\u00e9vacuation de chaleur.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Le liquide actif<\/span> pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par exemple est du Lithium 6 (point de fusion 181 \u00b0C, point d&rsquo;\u00e9bullition 1342 \u00b0C, densit\u00e9 de 0.534 \u00e0 20\u00b0C, coefficient de dilatation 0.000046 K<sup>-1<\/sup>) et les \u00e9l\u00e9ments <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00ab\u00a0piston\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> et <span style=\"color: #339966;\">\u00ab\u00a0ressort de rappel\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> sont du gaz insoluble dans le liquide (gaz chimiquement inerte et non transporteur de radioactivit\u00e9, comme He).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">La figure repr\u00e9sente un tube en U, mais pas un capillaire, pour assurer le fonctionnement requis, sans risque de pannes d\u00fbes \u00e0 une obstruction accidentelle. La forme des r\u00e9servoirs et des capteurs va se r\u00e9sumer \u00e0 un tube continu de forme appropri\u00e9e : le dessin ne fait que symboliser des fonctions. L&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00ab\u00a0piston\u00a0\u00bb est charg\u00e9 de pousser le liquide dans la zone des neutrons \u00e0 absorber, si la chaleur monte dans le capteur. Si la pression venant du capteur d\u00e9passe la diff\u00e9rence de hauteur du liquide (dans le sch\u00e9ma, situation \u00ab\u00a0freinage maximal\u00a0\u00bb), le gaz peut s&rsquo;\u00e9chapper par le siphon de droite pour \u00e9viter la surpression.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">L&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00ab\u00a0ressort de rappel\u00a0\u00bb est charg\u00e9 de pousser le liquide hors de la zone des neutrons, si la chaleur baisse dans la zone du capteur. Les branches des U contenant de l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment \u00ab\u00a0ressort de rappel\u00a0\u00bb sont li\u00e9s entre eux et \u00e0 un r\u00e9servoir (situ\u00e9 en zone \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature constante), pour fournir une pression de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. La g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de volumes et cette pression de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence sont choisies de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 permettre, dans toutes les plages de temp\u00e9ratures rencontr\u00e9es, au liquide d&rsquo;entrer et de sortir presque enti\u00e8rement de la zone<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>des neutrons \u00e0 absorber.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les liaisons entre parties sont con\u00e7ues de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9ment actif (absorbeur de neutron, liquide dans la plage de temp\u00e9ratures de service) ne puisse en aucun cas quitter le tube en U. Si le capteur sort de la plage de service pr\u00e9d\u00e9finie des volumes et temp\u00e9ratures, le gaz s&rsquo;\u00e9chappera vers le r\u00e9servoir de pression de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en zone froide, \u00e0 travers le liquide des siphons (indispensables pour obtenir une purge d&rsquo;une partie horizontale du tube en U). Ce processus est r\u00e9versible.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Conditions initiales : le r\u00e9gulateur doit \u00eatre livr\u00e9 en position \u00ab\u00a0Freinage\u00a0\u00bb, U fabriqu\u00e9 en liquide sym\u00e9trique.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Un dispositif compl\u00e9mentaire pourra \u00eatre un tube contenant un gaz absorbeur de neutrons, comme par exemple de l\u2019argon (pour obtenir un arr\u00eat d\u2019urgence).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><b>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, 8.1.2004, r\u00e9v. 22.11.2020<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\/\/ Fin de note (2) du 22.11.2020<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s1\">Dans le sch\u00e9ma de r\u00e9acteur \u00e0 thermo-siphon, le r\u00e9gulateur est plac\u00e9 dans la zone<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>o\u00f9 se situent l\u2019onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire et le carburant fertile (bas de la cuve d\u2019acier); l\u2019onde de combustion se d\u00e9placerait de bas en haut vers le liquide et de haut en bas vers la couche de billes (se dissolvant peu \u00e0 peu), fissionnant le carburant nucl\u00e9aire ajout\u00e9. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019une onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire est de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer ~ 50% de combustible fissile \u00e0 partir du m\u00e9tal fertile, un effet surg\u00e9n\u00e9rateur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s1\">Remarque. Les dessins sont plus symboliques que sch\u00e9matiques: par exemple, le thermo-siphon devra \u00eatre dimensionn\u00e9 de sorte \u00e0 ne pas avoir de zone o\u00f9 la masse de d\u00e9chets deviendrait critique, sauf si c\u2019est l\u2019effet recherch\u00e9 pour contribuer \u00e0 les d\u00e9truire plus vite &#8211; mais cela pose le probl\u00e8me de r\u00e9guler aussi cette r\u00e9action. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forum_international_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_IV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forum international G\u00e9n\u00e9ration IV<\/a> dans Wikipedia (de 2006 \u00e0 2020)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a7\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/detruire-sans-peur-les-dechets-nucleaires\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">D\u00e9truire sans peur les d\u00e9chets nucl\u00e9aires !<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Citation de Teller et al 1996 avec <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/ICENES-96-figures-y-c-texte.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ICENES 96 figures y compris textes.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1998_Stevens-pg-41en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1998_Stevens pg 41\/en.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Source:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/21sci-tech.com\/Subscriptions\/Archive\/1998_W.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charles Stevens sur Teller et al en anglais pg 41.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u00a7 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/1998-Stevensfr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1998 Stevens\/fr.pdf<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energythic.com\/usercontent\/3\/Reacteuraondedecombustion.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Charles Stevens sur Teller et al en fran\u00e7ais.pdf\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">\u00a7 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9acteur_nucl%C3%A9aire_%C3%A0_sels_fondus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">R\u00e9acteurs nucl\u00e9aires \u00e0 sels fondus<\/a><\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>dans Wikipedia (de 2008 \u00e0 2020)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 Pr.Walter Seifritz \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-Nucl.Burn-up-Waves.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Solitary burn-up Waves in a multiplying medium<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0(2000)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a7 Pr.Walter Seifritz\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/2020.11-21-Nucl.soliton-Wave.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The thermal neutronic soliton wave phenomenon in an infinite medium<\/a> (1998)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, Colombier-sur-Morges, le 22 novembre 2020<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Commentaire<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pour maintenir une onde de combustion nucl\u00e9aire double, il faudra ajouter du combustible frais de part et d&rsquo;autre\u00a0 (au-dessous ET au-dessus), sans pour autant trop perturber la structure de la limite liquide-\u00ab\u00a0solide\u00a0\u00bb: le rythme et la nature des ajouts sont \u00e0 calculer &#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Andr\u00e9 Bovay-Rohr, Colombier, le 22.11.2020<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the 1996 publications, starting from the designs of computer-simulated nuclear combustion wave reactors (GFR), and starting from the designs of molten salt reactors (MSR), I propose a combination of the two lines, so as to exploit completely spent Uranium &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/reacteurs-nucleaires-de-iveme-generation-combines\/\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,10,56],"tags":[237,29,41,440,438,20,439,442,441,113,114],"class_list":["post-2423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-energie-2","category-nucleaire-civil-2","category-techniques","tag-bovay-rohr","tag-detruire-les-dechets-nucleaires","tag-developpements","tag-fission","tag-onde-de-combustion-nucleaire","tag-radioactivite","tag-reacteur-nucleaire","tag-sels-fondus-reacteur-a","tag-surgeneration","tag-thorium","tag-uranium"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2423"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2476,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2423\/revisions\/2476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.entrelemanetjura.ch\/BLOG_WP_351\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}